研究过vue.js的童鞋,对于axios肯定会有些了解,它基于Promise的HTTP客户端,用于浏览器和node.js。那如何去应用它呢?我们一起从最基础的学习起吧。
特征
首先了解下axios的一些主要特征应用:
1、从浏览器发出XMLHttpRequests
2、从node.js发出HTTP请求
3、支持Promise API
4、拦截请求和响应
5、转换请求和响应数据
6、取消请求
7、JSON数据的自动转换
8、客户端支持以防止XSRF
如何安装anios
使用npm:
$ npm install axios
使用bower:
$ bower install axios
使用yarn:
$ yarn add axios
使用cdn:
<script src =“ https://unpkg.com/axios/dist/axios.min.js”> </ script>
安装很简单的,接下来我们来看些如何在实际项目中的应用。
实例应用
注意:CommonJS用法
为了在将CommonJS导入与require()一起使用时获得TypeScript类型(用于智能/自动完成),请使用以下方法:
const axios = require('axios').default; // axios。<method>现在将提供自动完成和参数输入
执行GET请求
const axios = require('axios'); // Make a request for a user with a given ID axios.get('/user?ID=12345') .then(function (response) { // handle success console.log(response); }) .catch(function (error) { // handle error console.log(error); }) .finally(function () { // always executed }); // Optionally the request above could also be done as axios.get('/user', { params: { ID: 12345 } }) .then(function (response) { console.log(response); }) .catch(function (error) { console.log(error); }) .finally(function () { // always executed }); // Want to use async/await? Add the `async` keyword to your outer function/method. async function getUser() { try { const response = await axios.get('/user?ID=12345'); console.log(response); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } }
注意:async / await是ECMAScript 2017的一部分,并且Internet Explorer和旧版浏览器不支持async / await,因此请谨慎使用。
执行POST请求
axios.post('/user', { firstName: 'Fred', lastName: 'Flintstone' }) .then(function (response) { console.log(response); }) .catch(function (error) { console.log(error); });
执行多个并发请求
function getUserAccount() { return axios.get('/user/12345'); } function getUserPermissions() { return axios.get('/user/12345/permissions'); } axios.all([getUserAccount(), getUserPermissions()]) .then(axios.spread(function (acct, perms) { // Both requests are now complete }));
axios API
可以通过将相关配置传递给axios来发出请求。
axios(配置)
// Send a POST request axios({ method: 'post', url: '/user/12345', data: { firstName: 'Fred', lastName: 'Flintstone' } });
// GET request for remote image axios({ method: 'get', url: 'http://bit.ly/2mTM3nY', responseType: 'stream' }) .then(function (response) { response.data.pipe(fs.createWriteStream('ada_lovelace.jpg')) });
axios(URL [,config])
// Send a GET request (default method) axios('/user/12345');
Request method aliases
为了方便起见,aliases已为所有受支持的请求方法。
axios.request(配置) axios.get(URL [,config]) axios.delete(url [,config]) axios.head(url [,config]) axios.options(url [,config]) axios.post(URL [,data [,config]]) axios.put(URL [,data [,config]]) axios.patch(url [,data [,config]])
注意
使用别名方法时,无需在config中指定url,method和data属性。
并发
帮助程序功能,用于处理并发请求。
axios.all(可迭代) axios.spread(回调)
创建一个实例
您可以使用自定义配置创建axios的新实例。
axios.create([config])
const instance = axios.create({ baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/', timeout: 1000, headers: {'X-Custom-Header': 'foobar'} });
实例方法
可用的实例方法在下面列出。指定的配置将与实例配置合并。
axios#request(config) axios#get(URL [,config]) axios#delete(url [,config]) axios#head(url [,config]) axios#options(url [,config]) axios#post(url [,data [,config]]) axios#put(url [,data [,config]]) axios#patch(url [,data [,config]]) axios#getUri([config])
请求配置
这些是发出请求的可用配置选项。仅URL是必需的。如果未指定method,则请求将默认为GET。
{ // `url` is the server URL that will be used for the request url: '/user', // `method` is the request method to be used when making the request method: 'get', // default // `baseURL` will be prepended to `url` unless `url` is absolute. // It can be convenient to set `baseURL` for an instance of axios to pass relative URLs // to methods of that instance. baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/', // `transformRequest` allows changes to the request data before it is sent to the server // This is only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', 'PATCH' and 'DELETE' // The last function in the array must return a string or an instance of Buffer, ArrayBuffer, // FormData or Stream // You may modify the headers object. transformRequest: [function (data, headers) { // Do whatever you want to transform the data return data; }], // `transformResponse` allows changes to the response data to be made before // it is passed to then/catch transformResponse: [function (data) { // Do whatever you want to transform the data return data; }], // `headers` are custom headers to be sent headers: {'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'}, // `params` are the URL parameters to be sent with the request // Must be a plain object or a URLSearchParams object params: { ID: 12345 }, // `paramsSerializer` is an optional function in charge of serializing `params` // (e.g. https://www.npmjs.com/package/qs, http://api.jquery.com/jquery.param/) paramsSerializer: function (params) { return Qs.stringify(params, {arrayFormat: 'brackets'}) }, // `data` is the data to be sent as the request body // Only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', and 'PATCH' // When no `transformRequest` is set, must be of one of the following types: // - string, plain object, ArrayBuffer, ArrayBufferView, URLSearchParams // - Browser only: FormData, File, Blob // - Node only: Stream, Buffer data: { firstName: 'Fred' }, // syntax alternative to send data into the body // method post // only the value is sent, not the key data: 'Country=Brasil&City=Belo Horizonte', // `timeout` specifies the number of milliseconds before the request times out. // If the request takes longer than `timeout`, the request will be aborted. timeout: 1000, // default is `0` (no timeout) // `withCredentials` indicates whether or not cross-site Access-Control requests // should be made using credentials withCredentials: false, // default // `adapter` allows custom handling of requests which makes testing easier. // Return a promise and supply a valid response (see lib/adapters/README.md). adapter: function (config) { /* ... */ }, // `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used, and supplies credentials. // This will set an `Authorization` header, overwriting any existing // `Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`. // Please note that only HTTP Basic auth is configurable through this parameter. // For Bearer tokens and such, use `Authorization` custom headers instead. auth: { username: 'janedoe', password: 's00pers3cret' }, // `responseType` indicates the type of data that the server will respond with // options are: 'arraybuffer', 'document', 'json', 'text', 'stream' // browser only: 'blob' responseType: 'json', // default // `responseEncoding` indicates encoding to use for decoding responses // Note: Ignored for `responseType` of 'stream' or client-side requests responseEncoding: 'utf8', // default // `xsrfCookieName` is the name of the cookie to use as a value for xsrf token xsrfCookieName: 'XSRF-TOKEN', // default // `xsrfHeaderName` is the name of the http header that carries the xsrf token value xsrfHeaderName: 'X-XSRF-TOKEN', // default // `onUploadProgress` allows handling of progress events for uploads onUploadProgress: function (progressEvent) { // Do whatever you want with the native progress event }, // `onDownloadProgress` allows handling of progress events for downloads onDownloadProgress: function (progressEvent) { // Do whatever you want with the native progress event }, // `maxContentLength` defines the max size of the http response content in bytes allowed maxContentLength: 2000, // `validateStatus` defines whether to resolve or reject the promise for a given // HTTP response status code. If `validateStatus` returns `true` (or is set to `null` // or `undefined`), the promise will be resolved; otherwise, the promise will be // rejected. validateStatus: function (status) { return status >= 200 && status < 300; // default }, // `maxRedirects` defines the maximum number of redirects to follow in node.js. // If set to 0, no redirects will be followed. maxRedirects: 5, // default // `socketPath` defines a UNIX Socket to be used in node.js. // e.g. '/var/run/docker.sock' to send requests to the docker daemon. // Only either `socketPath` or `proxy` can be specified. // If both are specified, `socketPath` is used. socketPath: null, // default // `httpAgent` and `httpsAgent` define a custom agent to be used when performing http // and https requests, respectively, in node.js. This allows options to be added like // `keepAlive` that are not enabled by default. httpAgent: new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true }), httpsAgent: new https.Agent({ keepAlive: true }), // 'proxy' defines the hostname and port of the proxy server. // You can also define your proxy using the conventional `http_proxy` and // `https_proxy` environment variables. If you are using environment variables // for your proxy configuration, you can also define a `no_proxy` environment // variable as a comma-separated list of domains that should not be proxied. // Use `false` to disable proxies, ignoring environment variables. // `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used to connect to the proxy, and // supplies credentials. // This will set an `Proxy-Authorization` header, overwriting any existing // `Proxy-Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`. proxy: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 9000, auth: { username: 'mikeymike', password: 'rapunz3l' } }, // `cancelToken` specifies a cancel token that can be used to cancel the request // (see Cancellation section below for details) cancelToken: new CancelToken(function (cancel) { }) }
响应模式
请求的响应包含以下信息。
{ // `data` is the response that was provided by the server data: {}, // `status` is the HTTP status code from the server response status: 200, // `statusText` is the HTTP status message from the server response statusText: 'OK', // `headers` the headers that the server responded with // All header names are lower cased headers: {}, // `config` is the config that was provided to `axios` for the request config: {}, // `request` is the request that generated this response // It is the last ClientRequest instance in node.js (in redirects) // and an XMLHttpRequest instance in the browser request: {} }
使用then时,您将收到如下响应:
axios.get('/user/12345') .then(function (response) { console.log(response.data); console.log(response.status); console.log(response.statusText); console.log(response.headers); console.log(response.config); });
当使用catch或将拒绝回调作为then的第二个参数传递时,响应将通过错误对象提供,如“处理错误”部分所述。
配置默认值
您可以指定将应用于每个请求的配置默认值。
全局axios默认值
axios.defaults.baseURL = 'https://api.example.com'; axios.defaults.headers.common['Authorization'] = AUTH_TOKEN; axios.defaults.headers.post['Content-Type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
自定义实例默认值
//创建实例时设置默认配置 const instance = axios.create({ baseURL:“ https://api.example.com” }); //创建实例后更改默认值 instance.defaults.headers.common ['Authorization'] = AUTH_TOKEN;
配置优先顺序
Config将以优先顺序合并。顺序是在lib / defaults.js中找到库默认值,然后是实例的defaults属性,最后是请求的config参数。后者将优先于前者。这是一个例子。
//使用库提供的配置默认值创建实例 //此时,超时配置值为0,这是库的默认值 const instance = axios.create(); //默认情况下,库的超时超时 //现在使用此实例的所有请求将等待2.5秒,然后再超时 instance.defaults.timeout = 2500; //覆盖此请求的超时时间,因为它需要花费很长时间 instance.get('/ longRequest',{ timeout:5000 });
拦截器
您可以先拦截请求或响应,然后再进行捕获或捕获。
//添加请求拦截器 axios.interceptors.request.use(function (config) { //在发送请求之前先做点事 return config; }, function (error) { //发生请求错误 return Promise.reject(error); }); //添加响应拦截器 axios.interceptors.response.use(function (response) { //处于2xx范围内的任何状态代码都会导致此函数触发 //对响应数据进行处理 return response; }, function (error) { //任何超出2xx范围的状态代码都会触发此函数 //做一些响应错误 return Promise.reject(error); });
如果以后需要删除拦截器,则可以。
const myInterceptor = axios.interceptors.request.use(function(){/*...*/}); axios.interceptors.request.eject(myInterceptor);
您可以将拦截器添加到axios的自定义实例中。
const instance = axios.create(); instance.interceptors.request.use(function(){/*...*/});
处理错误
axios.get('/user/12345') .catch(function (error) { if (error.response) { //发出了请求,服务器返回了状态码 //不在2xx范围内 console.log(error.response.data); console.log(error.response.status); console.log(error.response.headers); } else if (error.request) { //已发出请求,但未收到响应 //`error.request`是浏览器中XMLHttpRequest的实例,也是 // node.js中的http.ClientRequest console.log(error.request); } else { //设置触发错误的请求时发生了什么 console.log('Error', error.message); } console.log(error.config); });
使用validateStatus config选项,您可以定义应该引发错误的HTTP代码。
axios.get('/user/12345', { validateStatus: function (status) { return status < 500; //仅在状态码大于或等于500时拒绝 } })
使用toJSON,您将获得一个对象,其中包含有关HTTP错误的更多信息。
axios.get('/user/12345') .catch(function (error) { console.log(error.toJSON()); });
Cancellation
您可以使用cancel token取消请求。
axios取消tokenAPI基于撤回的可取消承诺提议。
您可以使用CancelToken.source工厂创建一个cancel token,如下所示:
const CancelToken = axios.CancelToken; const source = CancelToken.source(); axios.get('/user/12345', { cancelToken: source.token }).catch(function (thrown) { if (axios.isCancel(thrown)) { console.log('Request canceled', thrown.message); } else { // handle error } }); axios.post('/user/12345', { name: 'new name' }, { cancelToken: source.token }) //取消请求(message参数是可选的) source.cancel('Operation canceled by the user.');
您还可以通过将执行程序函数传递给CancelToken构造函数来创建cancel token:
const CancelToken = axios.CancelToken; let cancel; axios.get('/user/12345', { cancelToken: new CancelToken(function executor(c) { // An executor function receives a cancel function as a parameter cancel = c; }) }); // cancel the request cancel();
注意:您可以使用相同的cancel token取消多个请求。
使用application / x-www-form-urlencoded格式
默认情况下,axios将JavaScript对象序列化为JSON。要改为以application / x-www-form-urlencoded格式发送数据,可以使用以下选项之一。
浏览器
在浏览器中,可以如下使用URLSearchParams API:
const params = new URLSearchParams(); params.append('param1', 'value1'); params.append('param2', 'value2'); axios.post('/foo', params);
请注意,并非所有浏览器都支持URLSearchParams(请参见caniuse.com),但是有可用的polyfill(确保对全局环境进行polyfill)。
另外,您可以使用qs库对数据进行编码:
const qs = require('qs'); axios.post('/ foo',qs.stringify({'bar':123}));
或以另一种方式(ES6),
import qs from 'qs'; const data = { 'bar': 123 }; const options = { method: 'POST', headers: { 'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' }, data: qs.stringify(data), url, }; axios(options);
Node.js
在node.js中,可以按以下方式使用querystring模块:
const querystring = require('querystring'); axios.post('http://something.com/',querystring.stringify({foo:'bar'})));
您也可以使用qs库。
注意: 如果需要对嵌套对象进行字符串化处理,则最好使用qs库,因为querystring方法存在该用例的已知问题(https://github.com/nodejs/node-v0.x-archive/issues/1665)。
Promises
axios取决于要支持的本机ES6 Promise实现。如果您的环境不支持ES6 Promises,则可以进行polyfill。
TypeScript
axios包括TypeScript定义。
import axios from 'axios'; axios.get('/user?ID=12345');
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